Turning Operations in Machining: Definition, Types, Advantages, and Disadvantages

Turning Operations: In Machining Process Turning Operations used a cutting tool removes material from the outer diameter of a rotating workpiece. In this Article, We describe in details it’s Definitions, operations, applications, uses, working with images.

Table of Contents

what is Turning operation ?

Turning operations is a machining processes used in lathe to shape workpieces, typically cylindrical in shape, by removing material from the outer diameter. These operations are performed on a lathe, a machine tool that holds and rotates the workpiece while a cutting tool removes excess material to achieve the desired shape, dimensions, and surface finish.

Must Read : Lathe Machine

How Does the Turning Process Work?

Sure! Here’s a simplified version of the explanation without changing its meaning:

Turning operations are done using a lathe machine. The machine moves a cutting tool in a straight line along the surface of the spinning workpiece. As the tool moves, it removes material from the workpiece’s outer edge until the desired diameter is achieved. This process is used to shape cylindrical parts with both external and internal features like slots, tapers, and threads.

Turning involves using cutting tools that have a single point to remove material from the rotating workpiece. The design of the cutting tool depends on the specific task it’s used for, such as roughing, finishing, facing, threading, parting, forming, undercutting, or grooving. These different tools help achieve specific shapes and finishes for the workpiece.

how turning operations done

Turning operations are performed using a lathe, a machine tool specifically designed for shaping cylindrical workpieces. Here’s a general overview of how turning operations are carried out:

Workpiece Preparation: The workpiece, typically a cylindrical component, is selected based on the desired final shape and dimensions. It is important to ensure the workpiece is securely mounted in the lathe to withstand the cutting forces and rotation during the operation.
Lathe Setup: The lathe is prepared by adjusting various components to accommodate the workpiece. This includes adjusting the chuck or collet to securely hold the workpiece, setting the appropriate rotation speed, and positioning the cutting tool.
Tool Selection: The cutting tool is selected based on factors such as the workpiece material, desired shape, and surface finish. The tool is mounted in a tool holder, which is then secured in the lathe’s tool post.
Cutting Parameters Setting: The cutting parameters, including cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut, are determined based on factors such as the workpiece material, tooling, and desired outcome. These parameters affect the material removal rate, tool life, surface finish, and overall machining performance.
Turning Operation Execution:
a. Facing: The first step in turning is often facing, which involves removing material from the end face of the workpiece to create a smooth, flat surface perpendicular to the axis of rotation. The cutting tool is positioned to make contact with the workpiece and is fed into the material to remove a thin layer. b. External Turning: In external turning, the cutting tool is positioned to contact the outer diameter of the workpiece. As the workpiece rotates, the tool is fed along the length of the workpiece, removing material and shaping it to the desired dimensions and surface finish. c. Grooving and Threading: For specific features like grooves or threads, dedicated tools are used. Grooving tools create channels or grooves on the workpiece surface, while threading tools are used to cut external or internal threads.
Continuous Monitoring: Throughout the turning operation, the machinist monitors the process, checking for any signs of tool wear, ensuring chip evacuation, and maintaining dimensional accuracy. Adjustments to cutting parameters or tooling may be made as needed.
Finishing Operations: After the primary turning operations are completed, additional finishing operations such as chamfering, deburring, or polishing may be performed to achieve the desired final surface quality and appearance.

It is important to note that the specific steps and techniques may vary depending on the complexity of the workpiece, the type of lathe being used, and the desired outcome. Skilled machinists and engineers determine the optimal approach based on their experience and knowledge of turning operations.

Types of Turning Operation

The turning process can be of various types, such as straight turning, taper turning, facing, contour, profiling, or external grooving. In general, single-point cutting tools are generally used to perform turning operations. Different types of turning operations are;

There are several types of turning operations commonly used in machining processes. Here are some of the main types:

Straight Turning: In straight turning, the cutting tool moves parallel to the axis of the workpiece, removing material from the outer surface to achieve a desired diameter or length.
Facing: Facing involves cutting material from the end face of the workpiece to create a flat and smooth surface that is perpendicular to the axis of rotation. This is typically done at the beginning of a turning operation to prepare the workpiece for further machining.
Taper Turning: Taper turning is used to create a gradual decrease or increase in diameter along the length of the workpiece. The cutting tool is fed at an angle relative to the axis of rotation to achieve the desired taper.
Contour Turning: Contour turning is performed to shape the workpiece surface according to a specific contour or profile. The cutting tool is guided along a pre-determined path to create the desired shape, such as curves, angles, or complex geometries.
Chamfering: Chamfering is the process of creating beveled edges or chamfers on the workpiece. This is often done to remove sharp corners and improve the part’s appearance or to facilitate assembly.
Grooving: Grooving involves cutting narrow channels or grooves on the workpiece surface. This is commonly used to create features such as O-ring grooves, keyways, or other recessed areas.
Threading: Threading is the process of cutting external or internal threads on the workpiece. This is achieved by using specialized cutting tools with specific thread profiles to create screw threads of different sizes and pitches.
Knurling: Knurling is a process where a pattern of raised or indented lines is formed on the workpiece surface. This improves grip and texture, often used in applications where a better grip is required, such as on handles or knobs.

These are just a few examples of the types of turning operations. Machinists select the appropriate type of turning operation based on the desired outcome and the specific requirements of the workpiece.

Dynamics of turning operations

Certainly! Here’s a brief overview of the dynamics of turning operations focusing on forces, cutting speed, and feed:

1. Forces: Turning operations involve various forces that act on the cutting tool and workpiece. These forces include:

Cutting Forces: Cutting forces are generated as the cutting tool engages with the workpiece material. The primary cutting forces are the radial force (perpendicular to the tool’s rake face), tangential force (along the tool’s cutting edge), and axial force (parallel to the tool’s axis). The magnitude and direction of these forces depend on factors such as the depth of cut, feed rate, cutting speed, tool geometry, and workpiece material properties.
Cutting Force Components: The cutting forces can be decomposed into components: the main cutting force (Fc), which determines the power consumption and influences tool wear, and the feed force (Ff) and radial force (Fr), which contribute to deflection and vibration.
Cutting Force Prediction: Accurately predicting cutting forces is crucial for optimizing cutting conditions and tool selection. Force prediction models take into account factors such as tool geometry, cutting parameters, workpiece material properties, and tool wear.

2. Cutting Speed: Cutting speed, also known as surface speed, refers to the linear speed at which the workpiece rotates past the cutting tool. It is typically measured in meters per minute (m/min) or surface feet per minute (sfm). Cutting speed directly influences several aspects of turning dynamics:

Tool Wear: Higher cutting speeds increase the temperature at the tool-workpiece interface, affecting tool wear. Careful selection of cutting speeds based on the workpiece material properties, tool material, and lubrication is essential to control tool wear and extend tool life.
Chip Formation: Cutting speed affects chip formation, with higher speeds generally resulting in thinner chips. Proper chip formation helps to maintain good chip evacuation and prevent chip-related issues during the turning process.

3. Feed Rate: The feed rate in turning operations refers to the linear distance that the cutting tool advances along the workpiece per revolution. It is typically measured in millimeters per revolution (mm/rev) or inches per revolution (ipr). The feed rate impacts turning dynamics in the following ways:

Cutting Forces: The feed rate influences the magnitude of the cutting forces. Higher feed rates generally result in increased cutting forces, while lower feed rates reduce cutting forces.
Chip Thickness: The feed rate affects chip thickness, with higher feed rates producing thicker chips. Proper chip thickness management is crucial for chip evacuation and reducing the risk of chip-related issues, such as chip jamming or tool damage.

Optimizing cutting parameters, including cutting speed and feed rate, is essential for achieving efficient material removal, minimizing tool wear, and obtaining the desired surface finish in turning operations. Understanding the dynamics of forces and their relationship to cutting speed and feed rate allows for the selection of appropriate cutting conditions to ensure stable and productive turning processes.

Cutting Parameters in Turning Operation

Cutting parameters in a turning operation refer to the variables that affect the cutting process and the resulting workpiece. These parameters are set and adjusted to achieve optimal machining performance and desired outcomes. Some important cutting parameters in turning operations include:

1. Cutting Speed (CS): Cutting speed refers to the speed at which the workpiece rotates in relation to the cutting tool. It is usually measured in meters per minute (m/min) or surface feet per minute (sfm). The cutting speed determines the relative velocity between the workpiece and the cutting tool, affecting factors such as tool life, surface finish, and chip formation.

2. Feed Rate (FR): The feed rate in turning refers to the rate at which the cutting tool moves along the workpiece’s surface. It is typically measured in millimeters per revolution (mm/rev) or inches per revolution (ipr). The feed rate determines the depth of cut and affects parameters such as tool wear, surface roughness, and machining time.

3. Depth of Cut (DOC): The depth of cut is the distance between the original workpiece surface and the final cut surface made by the tool. It is typically specified in millimeters (mm) or inches (in). The depth of cut influences the amount of material being removed and affects factors such as cutting forces, tool life, and surface finish.

4. Cutting Tool Geometry: The geometry of the cutting tool, including the shape and angles of the cutting edge, significantly affects the turning operation. Parameters such as tool nose radius, rake angle, and clearance angle impact cutting forces, chip formation, and surface finish.

5. Coolant and Lubrication: The use of coolant and lubrication during turning operations helps to dissipate heat, reduce friction, and improve chip evacuation. Proper coolant selection and application contribute to longer tool life, improved surface finish, and enhanced machining performance.

6. Material Properties: The properties of the workpiece material, such as hardness, toughness, and machinability, influence the selection of cutting parameters. Different materials require specific cutting speeds, feed rates, and depths of cut to achieve optimal results.

It is important to note that these cutting parameters are interdependent, and their selection should be based on the specific machining requirements, workpiece material, and machine capabilities. Optimization of cutting parameters is crucial for achieving efficient material removal, minimizing tool wear, and obtaining the desired surface finish in turning operations.

Procedure to Exact Depth of Cut

To achieve an exact depth of cut in a machining operation, such as turning, the following procedure can be followed:

Measurement: Measure the initial dimensions of the workpiece or the remaining material thickness accurately using precision measuring instruments like calipers, micrometers, or depth gauges. This will help determine the starting point and the required depth of cut.
Calculation: Calculate the depth of cut required to achieve the desired final dimensions. This can be done by subtracting the desired final dimension from the initial dimension or by referring to engineering drawings or specifications.
Setting the Tool: Set up the cutting tool in the lathe or machining center according to the required depth of cut. This involves aligning the tool and setting it at the appropriate position relative to the workpiece.
Test Cut: Before making the actual cut, it is recommended to perform a test cut or trial run to ensure the accuracy of the setup. Make a small initial cut and measure the depth of the cut using the measuring instruments mentioned earlier. If adjustments are needed, make the necessary changes to achieve the desired depth.
Cutting Process: Once the setup is verified and the desired depth of cut is determined, proceed with the actual cutting process. Keep the tool steadily engaged with the workpiece and control the feed rate to ensure consistent and accurate cutting.
Monitoring and Adjustment: Continuously monitor the cutting process and periodically measure the depth of cut during the operation using the measuring instruments. If any deviations from the desired depth are observed, make necessary adjustments to the cutting parameters or tool position.
Final Measurement: After completing the cutting process, measure the final depth of cut to confirm if it matches the desired dimensions. This ensures the accuracy and precision of the machining operation.

By following this procedure, machinists can achieve the exact depth of cut required for the specific machining task, helping to meet dimensional specifications and produce high-quality workpieces.

Turning Operation in CNC

Turning operations in CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machining involve using computer-controlled lathes to shape cylindrical workpieces. Here’s an explanation of how turning operations are performed in CNC:

Programming: The turning operation starts with programming the CNC machine. The machinist uses specialized software to create a detailed program that specifies the tool paths, cutting parameters, and other instructions for the turning process.
Workpiece Mounting: The cylindrical workpiece is securely mounted in the CNC lathe, which is equipped with a chuck or collet system. The machine is programmed to rotate the workpiece at a predetermined speed.
Tool Selection and Setup: The machinist selects the appropriate cutting tools for the desired turning operation, considering factors such as workpiece material and desired features. The tools are loaded into tool holders and secured in the lathe’s tool turret or tool changer. The machine is programmed to automatically change tools as needed during the operation.
CNC Machine Setup: The machinist sets up the CNC machine by inputting the program and adjusting various parameters such as cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. These settings determine the machining parameters and are based on the workpiece material and the desired surface finish.
Tool Path Execution: The CNC machine executes the programmed tool paths. The machine’s computer control system precisely controls the movement of the cutting tool along the workpiece surface, following the programmed instructions. The cutting tool removes material from the workpiece as it moves, shaping it according to the programmed dimensions and features.
Monitoring and Quality Control: During the turning operation, the machinist continuously monitors the CNC machine’s performance, ensuring that the cutting tools are functioning correctly, chips are being effectively removed, and the desired dimensions and surface finish are being achieved. They may use measurement tools like probes or sensors to check the workpiece dimensions periodically.
Finishing Operations: After the primary turning operation, additional finishing operations may be performed using CNC. This can include processes like chamfering, deburring, or polishing to achieve the desired final appearance and surface quality.

CNC turning operations offer increased automation, precision, and repeatability compared to conventional turning methods. The use of computer control enables complex and intricate turning operations to be performed with high accuracy and efficiency.

applications of turning operations

Turning operations find widespread applications in various industries due to their versatility and capability to produce a range of cylindrical components. Here are some common applications of turning operations:

Manufacturing Shafts: Turning is extensively used to produce shafts for applications such as automotive drivetrains, industrial machinery, and rotating equipment. These shafts can have various features, including keyways, splines, and threads.
Production of Bolts and Fasteners: Turning is employed to manufacture bolts, screws, and other types of fasteners used in construction, automotive, aerospace, and general manufacturing industries. Turning allows for precise thread cutting to ensure compatibility with mating parts.
Turning of Bearings: Bearings, crucial components used in machinery to reduce friction and facilitate smooth rotation, are often produced through turning operations. Turning ensures accurate dimensions and surface finishes required for proper bearing functioning.
Production of Bushings and Sleeves: Turning is used to create bushings and sleeves, which are cylindrical components that provide support, alignment, and reduced wear between moving parts. These components are widely used in automotive, machinery, and industrial applications.
Turning of Flanges: Flanges, commonly used to connect pipes and components in plumbing, oil and gas, and other industries, are often produced through turning operations. Turning allows for precise dimensions and smooth surfaces required for proper sealing and connection.
Manufacturing of Valve Components: Turning is employed to produce valve bodies, stems, discs, and other components used in various types of valves, including gate valves, ball valves, and control valves. Turning ensures accurate dimensions and surface finishes for proper valve operation.
Production of Automotive Components: Many automotive components, such as crankshafts, camshafts, brake rotors, and suspension components, are manufactured using turning operations. Turning allows for high precision, ensuring proper fit and functionality in vehicles.
Turning of Aerospace Components: Turning is widely used in the aerospace industry to produce critical components like turbine shafts, landing gear parts, engine components, and airframe fittings. Turning ensures the required precision and quality for aerospace applications.
Production of Medical Implants: Turning operations are utilized to manufacture medical implants like bone screws, joint replacements, and dental components. Turning allows for the production of precise dimensions and smooth surfaces crucial for medical applications.

These are just a few examples of the numerous applications of turning operations. The flexibility and versatility of turning make it a fundamental machining process used in a wide range of industries to create cylindrical components with different features and sizes.

advantages of turning operations

Advantages of Turning Operations:

Versatility: Turning operations can be applied to a wide range of materials, including metals, plastics, and composites. This makes it a versatile machining process suitable for various industries.
High Precision: Turning allows for the production of components with high dimensional accuracy and tight tolerances. This is crucial in industries where precision is paramount, such as aerospace and automotive.
Cost-Effective: Turning operations are generally more cost-effective compared to other machining processes, especially for high-volume production. The ability to remove material quickly and efficiently reduces production costs.
Efficiency: Turning operations can be performed on CNC machines, enabling automation and high-speed production. CNC turning offers enhanced efficiency, repeatability, and the ability to produce complex geometries accurately.
Surface Finish: Turning can achieve excellent surface finishes on workpiece surfaces. This eliminates the need for additional finishing operations, saving time and cost.

disadvantages of turning operations

Limitations in Shape Complexity: Turning is primarily suitable for producing cylindrical or round components. It may not be ideal for parts with intricate shapes, deep cavities, or non-cylindrical geometries.
Tool Wear: The cutting tool used in turning operations can wear out over time due to the high forces and temperatures involved. Regular tool maintenance and replacement are necessary to maintain quality and productivity.
Limited Accessibility: Turning operations may have limitations when it comes to accessing certain areas or features on the workpiece, especially internal features or hard-to-reach areas.
Material Hardness: Turning operations may encounter challenges when working with extremely hard materials like hardened steels or exotic alloys. Special tooling and techniques are required to effectively machine such materials.
Chip Management: The chip formation during turning can pose challenges in chip control and evacuation. Proper chip management is crucial to ensure smooth operation and prevent chip entanglement or damage to the workpiece.

It’s important to note that the advantages and disadvantages can vary depending on the specific application, workpiece material, and machining conditions. Machinists and manufacturers carefully consider these factors when deciding on the most suitable machining process for their requirements.

Reference : https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turning